高中英语议写作指导

上海市共和中学杨家贵英语作文教学向来是英语教学中的难点,学生写作的确也存在着各种各样的问题,如果让学生从基础抓起,一条条地去克服,显然对于学习任务繁重,而有不得不时时紧张备考各门功课的学生来说,是耗不起如此巨大的精力与时间的.但是,只要我们英语教师不断地钻研作文的辅导方法,积累更多的切实可行的英语作文写作模式教与学生,这也不失为快速﹑有效﹑全面地解决问题,提高学生英语写作水平的好方法.分析了高中英语议论文的相关要点，提供两种类型的议论文写作模式,用于对学生的指导，使其能利用所提供的议论文模式轻松地完成写作任务．

一、英语议论文写作要点

议论文通过议论或说理来表达作者见解和主张.作者对某一问题持有一种看法,为了使读

者同意自己的看法,提出若干理由,企图说服他人.高中英语议论文的写作要注意以下要点:

1.论点要鲜明、确切．一篇议论文只能有一个中心论点．论点一般在开头提出，然后加以论证．

2.论据要充分、可靠．一般是以事实为论据，也可以利用成语，格言，名人名言作为论据．

3.论证要严密、得法．归纳法（induction）和演绎法（deduction）是议论文常用的论证方法．归纳法的例子为基础，从几个例子和现象中，归纳出某种道理和看法．例如：报纸是一种媒体（medium），人们可以从中得到现代信息；电视是一种媒体，人们也可以从中获得信息；广播也是媒体，人们同样可以从中获得现代信息．因此我们可以得出结论，其他媒体，如网络等，一定会给人们信息．演绎法以一个或多个看法为基础，从一般论断，演绎到不同事例，再加以论述，最后再回到一般论断上来．例如：所有的媒体都可以给人们提供信息，网络是媒体，因此人们可以从网络中获得信息．在归纳中要注意使用的例子要充分，不能以点概面．如：（课本高二上p81）：

iborrowedabookfromthelibrarylastweek.itwasveryboringanddifficult.ireadonlytenpages.therefore,ithinkthatalllibrarybooksareuseless.

评注:itdoesnothavealogicalargument.thewriterdislikeonelibrarybook,butnotalllibrarybooksarethesame.thewritershouldnotmakeageneralstatement(alllibrarybooksareuseless)basedonhisreactionstoonesinglebook.

二、议论文的写作步骤:

1.引言(introduction)．由于英语作文受时间，字数的限制．因此，在引言段中作者就必须简单解释要讨论的问题，并明白地亮出自己的观点，如提倡什么，支援什么，反对什么．

2.主体段（mainbody）．主体段是议论的过程，作者必须有足够的证据．（adequateproofs）来论证自己的观点．一般可提出一个或两个proofs,并对此用一两句话分别进行阐述．

3.结论（conclusion）．结论段可以用一两句话来结束文章．同时要注意与引言段呼应，但不能照搬前面的原话．

例：课本高二上p78第一封信

tutorialcenterishelpful.

ihavestudiedatatutorialcenterfortwoyears.mycommandofenglishhasimprovedconsiderablysinceistartedthiscourse.

atmycenter,thefeesarereasonable.mytutorsarequalifiedteachers.ihavebeenhelpedalotbythem.theyaresincereandkind.

oneofmyteacherswasbritish.atfirst,icouldnotsayanythingtoher.butlaterilearnedhowtocommunicateinenglishwithawesterner.

ithinkthatthetutorialcenterhasgivenmealotofconfidenceinusingenglish.评注:第一段提出论点,体现家教中心是helpful(段划线部分),主体段分别从几个方面(划线部分)来阐述家教中心的确有帮助,结论段重申家教中心的作用(划线部分),且语句表达与第一段中的不重复.

三、议论文的写作模式

1.议论文的类型

英语议论文根据命题特点，从形式上来看可分为如下类型:

①“一分为二”的观点．如“轿车大量进入家庭后，对家庭、环境、经济可能产生的影响”

②“两者选一”的观点．如，期中考试作文题，“乘火车还是乘飞机”

③“我认为……”型．如“你对课外阅读的看法”

④“怎样……（howto）”型．如“怎样克服学习中碰到的困难”．

⑤图表作文．通过阅读图表中的数字与项目得出一个结论或形成一种看法．

按照高二上学期的写作要求，学生主要应掌握①②两种类型的议论文的写作．在第①种类型中命题涉及某一事物或现象的正反两个方面：通过正反两个方面的对比，得出结论是利大于弊，还是弊大于利．论证要围绕所要得出的结论来展开，若利大于弊，则有利的一面要多阐述一点．反之亦然．

在第②种类型中，命题要求在a或b两者之间作一比较或选择，两个对象往往各有优势，所以结论部分有两种情况：

a.要么支持a，要么支持b;

b.a、b优势均难的割舍，只好依情况而定在结论部分说清楚在什么条件选a,在什么条件选b．

下面重点介绍第①、②种类型议论文的写作模式.2.“一分为二”观点的议论文模式

introduction

第1段:nowadaysmoreandmorepeople．．．/．．．playsanimportantpartin．．．.likeeverythingelse,．．．has/havebothfavorableandunfavorableaspects/bothadvantagesanddisadvantages.generally,thefavorableaspects/advantagescanbelistedasfollows.mainbody

第2段：firstly,..secondly,…inaddition/what’smore…

第3段:everycoinhastwosides.thenegativeaspects/disadvantagesarealsoapparent/obvious.tobeginwith…;tomakemattersworse…;worseofall…

conclusion

第4段:throughaboveanalysis/allthingsconsidered,wecanseethatthepositiveaspects/advantagesoutweighthenegativeones/disadvantages.therefore…例文1.看电视的利与弊advantagesanddisadvantagesofwatchingtv

nowadaysmoreandmorepeopleliketowatchtv.sotvplaysaveryimportantpartinourlife.butwatchingtvhasbothadvantagesanddisadvantages.generally,theadvantagescanbelistedasfollows.

firstly,youcanexpandyourknowledgebywatchingtv.asweallknow,learningthingsbytvismuchfasterthanbylisteningtotheradioorjustbyreadingbooks.forithascolorfulpicturesaswellaswonderfulmusic.

secondly,youmayknowanybodyyouwanttoknowsuchasfamoussingers,superstars,scientistsandsoon.

what’smore,youcangoeverywherebytravelingprograms.let’ssuppose,ifyouliketravelingverymuch,butyouhavetoworkonweekendsorholidays,youmustbeverysad.andnowopenyourtvandit’lltakeyoutoanywhere.

everycoinhastwosides.thedisadvantagesarealsoobvious.forexample,watchingtoomuchtvcaneasilybecomeshort-sighted,especiallyforchildrenandstudents.tomakemattersworse,someyoungstudentsarekeenonwatchingtvsothattheygiveuptheirstudiesgradually.

throughaboveanalysis,ithinkwatchingtvisawayofstudying,itisgoodforustowatchtv.butwhenwewatchtv,weshouldmakeaplanotherwisewatchingtvwilldestroyourlife.例文2.谈谈出国留学的利与弊wheretoattendacollegenowadaysmoreandmoreyoungpeoplearegoingtostudyabroad.likeeverythingelse,studyingabroadhasbothfavorableandunfavorableaspects.generally,thefavorableaspectscanbelistedasfollows.

firstly,theythinkbyattendingacollegeinaforeigncountrytheycanlearnnotonlyusefulknowledge,butalsothecultureandcustomsofothernations.secondly,theycantakeadvantageofthisopportunitytogainagoodcommandoftheforeignlanguagetheyarelearningveryquickly.moreover,theycanmeetdifferentpeopleandexperiencedifferentcultures,whichmayhelptobroadentheirviews.

everycoinhastwosides.thenegativeaspectsarealsoapparent.thecostsaremuchhigherthanthoseintheirnativecountry.mostoverseasstudentshavetoworkforaliving,whichcan’tallowthemtopayalltheirattentiontostudy.what’smore,theymayfeelverylonely.

throughaboveanalysis,wecanseethatthepositiveaspectsoutweighthenegativeones.therefore,iaminfavorofgoingabroadtostudy.写作练习：

①谈谈校服（schooluniforms）.

提示：近年来，越来越多的中小学要求穿校服．对此引发了学生中由对这个问题的讨论，请写一片英语短文阐述你的观点．

reference:someofthemainargumentsforandagainstschooluniforms.

foragainst

1.studentslookneatandtidy.1.uniformsareexpensive.

2.thepublicknowswhichschoolyouarefrom.2.childrengrowfast,neednewuniforms.

3.parentsallpaythesamemoney.3.someuniformsareveryuncomfortable.

4.studentsdon’tworryaboutfashions.4.studentsalllookthesame,can’tbeindividuals.

5.teacherscanidentifystudentsonschooltrips.5.getboredwithsameclotheseveryday.

6.gooddisciplineforstudents.②说广告（aboutadvertisement）.

提示：有人说广告在现代社会是很重要，有人认为广告的促销成分太多，你认为……3.“两者选一”观点的议论文模式

模式⑴:a、b两者优劣势分析,要么选a,要么选b.

introduction

第1段:somepeopleholdtheopinionthat(a)issuperiorto(b)inmanyways.others,however,arguethat(b)ismuchbetter.personally,iwouldprefer(a)becauseithink(a)hasmoreadvantages.mainbody

第2段：therearemanyreasonswhyiprefer(a).themainreasonisthat…anotherreasonisthat…(赞同a的原因)

conclusion

第4段:butifallthesefactorsareconsidered,(a)ismuchbetterthan(b).fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemayfinallydrawtheconclusionthat…(总结观点)例文:whichisbetter?carsorbikes?

somepeopleholdtheopinionthatprivatecarsaresuperiortobicyclesinmanyways.others,however,arguethatthebicycleismuchbetter.personally,iwouldprefertheuseofcarsbecauseithinkcarshavemoreadvantages.

therearemanyreasonswhyiprefercars.themainreasonisthatcarsbringconvenienceandmobilitytotheowners.what’smore,acarisfarmorecomfortabletotravelin,especiallyinthechangeableweather.anotherreasonisthat,whenmorepeoplebuycars,theautomobileindustrywilldevelopmorequickly.thegrowthoftheautomobileindustrycanmotivatetheriseofotherrelatedindustriessuchasironandsteelproduction.

ofcourse,bicyclescantakeyoutoanywhereyoulikeintownanddoesnotneedalargeparkingplace.besides,itisnotasexpensiveasacarandthereforeeveryfamilycanaffordtobuy.

butifallthesefactorsareconsidered,carsaremuchbetterthanbicycles.fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemayfinallydrawtheconclusionthatpeoplecanlivebetterwiththeuseofcars.模式⑵:a、b优势相当,依情况而定,有条件地选择a或b.

introduction

第1段:whichwouldyoupreferifyouarefacedwiththechoicebetween(a)and(b)?beforeyoumakethedecision,youhadbettermakeaclosecomparison.mainbody

第2段：itistruethat(选择a的优势之一).itisalsotruethat(选择a的优势之二).but(选择a的劣势).

第3段:though.(选择b的劣势),(选择b的优势之一).furthermore,(选择b的优势之二).conclusion

第4段:therefore,ifyou…,youshouldchoose(a),butifyou…,youshouldchoose(b).(总结观点,提出建议)例文:listeningtotheradioorreadingthenewspapers?

whichwouldyoupreferifyouarefacedwiththechoicebetweenlisteningtotheradioandreadingthenewspapers?beforeyoumakethedecision,youhadbettermakeaclosecomparison.

itistruethatlisteningtotheradioisquickandconvenient.itisalsotruethatwecanlistentotheradiowhilearedoingsomethingelse.sowecansavealotoftime.butradioprogramshavetheirowntimeschedule.youcannotgettheinformationyouneedeverytimeyouturnonyourradio.

thoughnewspapersarenotasquickasradio,readingfromthenewspapercancertainlybringusnewsmoreclearlyandmoreexactly.furthermore,whilereading,wehavetimetothinkaboutwhatwearereading,tojudgeit,toanalyzeit,andthenwewillbemoreawareofitscauseandeffect.

wearelivinginaninformationage.wehavetomakefulluseoftheinformationwecangetifwearetoachieveourgoals.

therefore,ifwewanttogetthelatestnews,wecanlistentotheradio,butifwewanttogettheexactwords,we’dbetterreadthenewspaper.写作练习:

①健康与财富(healthandwealth)

提示:健康与财富哪个更重要一直是一个热门话题(hottopic),请简述你的观点.

②哪里住更好(wheretolive?)

提示:有的人喜欢往城里挤,有的人喜欢往乡下搬.各有所好,孰是孰非,你以为如何?参考文献:

1.oxfordenglishforseniorhighschoolstudents(shanghaiedition),oxforduniversitypress,1996.

2.王长喜十二句作文法,王长喜,北京:中国社会出版社,20xx.7

3.英语高分指导.写作.高中卷,郭凤高,第二版,上海:上海交通大学出版社,20xx

4.高考英语作文直通车,曹越宇,上海:上海社会科学院出版社,20xx附录(appendix):

一、写作常用逻辑衔接词

根据衔接词本身在文章中所起的作用,主要分为以下四类,即“起”“承”“转”“合”.

1.表示“起”的常用词语.用于开篇引出扩展句.

atfirst

atpresent

currently

first(ly)

inthebeginning

tobeginwith

firstofall

inthefirstplace

lately

tostartwith

now2.有关“承”的常用词语.用来承接上文,表递进.

after/afterthat/afterwards

afterafewdays

afterawhile

also/too

atanyrate

atthesametime

besides

furthermore

inaddition

inadditionto

infact

inotherwords

inparticular

particularly

inthesameway

incidentally

indeed

meanwhile

moreover

nodoubt

obviously

ofcourse3.有关“转”的常用词语.用来表示不同或相反的意思.

afteralleventhough

allthetimenevertheless

anywaynoheless

atthesametimestill

converselyinfact

in/bycontrastasamatteroffact

despiteespecially

fortunatelyhowever

inspiteofluckily

though/althoughnodoubt

onthecontraryotherwise

unfortunatelyunlike

whereasyet

4.有关“合”的常用词语.用于小结上文或结束本段落的内容.

aboveallinsum

accordinglyinsummary

asaconsequenceonthewhole

asaresulttherefore

ashasbeennotedthus

asihavesaidtospeakfrankly

atlasttosumup

atlengthtosummarize

brieflysurely

bydoingsotoconclude

consequentlynodoubt

eventuallyundoubtedly

finallydoubtless

hencetruly

inbriefso

inconclusionobviously

inshortcertainly

allinall

高中英语议写作指导飞雪